Luxembourg ranks seventh with a score of 6.0, reflecting its role as a financial hub whose 60 active ISDS agreements enable considerable arbitration activity relative to its size. Investors from Luxembourg have filed 48 known cases, with an average claim of nearly USD 849 million — one of the highest in Europe. Four of those cases involve fossil fuels and mining. Luxembourg has terminated 17% of its treaties but continues to support new EU trade agreements containing ISDS and signed four such agreements since 2015.